Nippon India Vision Large & Mid Cap Fund
- NAV as on 25 Sep 2026
- ₹1,452.05+0.07%1 day
- Return since launch
- 17.5%
- 52-week range
- ₹1,312.73 — ₹1,531.97
- AUM
- ₹7,903 Cr
Nippon India Vision Large & Mid Cap Fund is a Large & MidCap equity fund from Nippon India Mutual Fund with ₹7,903 Cr under management, launched in 1995. Over three years it has returned 5.3% a year, against 12.9% for its category. The expense ratio is 2.24% and the SEBI riskometer reading is Very High.
Performance
Nippon India Vision Large & Mid Cap Fund NAV and returns
Growth of the fund against its category average over the period you pick.
Over 1Y this fund returned -0.1% against -0.1% for its category.
Performance
Returns
How the fund has done against its category and its benchmark.
| Period | Fund | vs category | Category | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1Y | -2.4% | −5.7 pts | 3.3% | -1.3% |
| 2Y | 1.0% | −2.5 pts | 3.5% | 0.9% |
| 3Y | 5.3% | −7.7 pts | 12.9% | 4.3% |
| 5Y | 12.0% | +0.7 pts | 11.3% | 10.2% |
| 7Y | 15.3% | +0.5 pts | 14.8% | 13.8% |
| 10Y | 13.8% | +0.6 pts | 13.2% | 13.3% |
| Period | Fund | vs category | Category | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1M | -4.7% | −0.8 pts | -3.9% | -4.0% |
| 3M | -1.5% | −1.5 pts | -0.0% | -0.5% |
| 6M | 8.1% | −3.2 pts | 11.3% | 9.8% |
| 1Y | -0.1% | −3.4 pts | 3.3% | -0.1% |
| 2Y | -1.7% | −0.5 pts | -1.2% | -2.6% |
| 3Y | 13.5% | +0.6 pts | 12.9% | 11.3% |
| 5Y | 11.8% | +0.5 pts | 11.3% | 10.3% |
| 7Y | 15.9% | 0.0 pts | 15.9% | 15.1% |
| 10Y | 12.1% | −1.1 pts | 13.2% | 12.5% |
Since launch (25 Sep 1995): 17.5%
Calendar-year returns
Category averageShow as a table
| Period | Fund | vs category | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 5.5% | +0.1 pts | 5.4% |
| 2024 | 25.4% | +0.5 pts | 25.0% |
| 2023 | 34.2% | +2.8 pts | 31.4% |
| 2022 | 2.4% | −0.5 pts | 3.0% |
| 2021 | 33.8% | −5.3 pts | 39.1% |
| 2020 | 13.3% | −4.2 pts | 17.5% |
Returns over one year are annualised. Shorter periods are absolute.
Costs & terms
Costs and terms
What the fund charges each year, and the rules around putting money in and taking it out.
Costs
2.21%
Expense ratio as on 23 Sep 2026
Charged yearly and already deducted from the NAV.
- Base expense
- 1.53%
- Brokerage
- 0.13%
- Transaction charges
- 0.01%
- Statutory levies
- 0.54%
- Exit load
- For units more than 10% of the investments, an exit load of 1% if redeemed within 12 months.
- Lock-in
- None
Terms
- Min SIP
- ₹3,000
- Min lumpsum
- ₹5,000
- Plan
- GROWTH
- Fund type
- OPEN-ENDED
- Benchmark
- Nifty Large Midcap 250 TRI
- Short-term capital gains
- Returns taxed at 20% if you redeem before 1 year
- Long-term capital gains
- After 1 year, returns above ₹1.25 lakh in a financial year are taxed at 12.5%
Risk
Risk
What the riskometer means for this fund, and how its ratios sit against the category.
Your principal is treated as being at very high risk — typically small cap, sectoral and thematic equity schemes.
| Ratio | Fund | Category avg | Read as |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha | 3.87 | 7.31 | Return earned above what the benchmark alone would have given. Higher is better. |
| Beta | 1.02 | 1.05 | How hard the fund moves when the market moves. Under 1 is steadier than the market. |
| Sharpe | 0.68 | 0.80 | Return earned for each unit of total risk taken. Higher is better. |
| Sortino | 0.79 | 0.99 | Return earned for each unit of downside risk. Higher is better. |
| Std. deviation | 15.41 | 17.61 | How widely monthly returns have varied around their own average. Lower is steadier. |
| Average of 5 category peers | |||
Portfolio
Nippon India Vision Large & Mid Cap Fund portfolio
Portfolio as of 31 Aug 2026
Asset allocation
- Equity94.7%
- Debt0.0%
- Other5.3%
Market cap split
- Large58.0%
- Mid42.0%
- P/E
- 30.50
- P/B
- 3.76
Top holdings
| Holding | Sector | Weight | Value | 3M chg | 6M chg | 1Y chg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Others | Others | 5.28% | ₹418 Cr | 0.00% | +0.03% | +0.01% |
| ICICI Bank Ltd. | Financial | 4.87% | ₹385 Cr | +4.11% | +4.55% | +4.92% |
| State Bank of India | Financial | 4.37% | ₹345 Cr | +2.94% | +2.60% | +1.96% |
| Dixon Technologies (India) Ltd. | Capital Goods | 3.76% | ₹297 Cr | +1.27% | +0.91% | +2.89% |
| Eternal Ltd. | Services | 3.74% | ₹295 Cr | +1.61% | +0.88% | +2.92% |
| Axis Bank Ltd. | Financial | 2.96% | ₹234 Cr | +2.67% | +2.98% | +2.19% |
| HDFC Bank Ltd. | Financial | 2.69% | ₹213 Cr | +3.04% | +3.25% | +5.02% |
| Coforge Ltd. | Technology | 2.66% | ₹210 Cr | +2.08% | +0.61% | +2.17% |
| Trent Ltd. | Services | 2.37% | ₹187 Cr | +1.80% | +0.72% | +1.10% |
| FSN E-Commerce Ventures Ltd. | Services | 2.28% | ₹180 Cr | +1.81% | +1.91% | +1.84% |
| Titan Company Ltd. | Consumer Discretionary | 2.26% | ₹179 Cr | +1.70% | +1.44% | — |
| Reliance Industries Ltd. | Energy | 2.10% | ₹166 Cr | +2.37% | +4.00% | +3.74% |
| Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Ltd. | Financial | 1.88% | ₹149 Cr | +0.99% | — | — |
| Kei Industries Ltd. | Capital Goods | 1.87% | ₹148 Cr | +1.46% | +1.46% | +1.53% |
| Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. | Capital Goods | 1.85% | ₹146 Cr | +1.33% | +1.94% | +1.52% |
| AU Small Finance Bank Ltd. | Financial | 1.65% | ₹130 Cr | +0.54% | +1.25% | +1.05% |
| TVS Motor Company Ltd. | Automobile | 1.65% | ₹130 Cr | +1.62% | +2.20% | +0.93% |
| Cummins India Ltd. | Capital Goods | 1.61% | ₹128 Cr | +1.82% | +0.63% | +0.87% |
| Voltas Ltd. | Consumer Discretionary | 1.53% | ₹121 Cr | +0.63% | — | — |
| Fortis Healthcare Ltd. | Healthcare | 1.51% | ₹119 Cr | +1.71% | +1.10% | — |
| Samvardhana Motherson International Ltd. | Automobile | 1.51% | ₹119 Cr | +1.65% | +1.57% | +0.70% |
| Larsen & Toubro Ltd. | Construction | 1.48% | ₹117 Cr | +1.63% | +1.04% | — |
| Balkrishna Industries Ltd. | Automobile | 1.44% | ₹114 Cr | — | — | — |
| Asian Paints Ltd. | Materials | 1.32% | ₹104 Cr | +0.54% | — | — |
| Hyundai Motor India Ltd. | Automobile | 1.32% | ₹104 Cr | +1.25% | +0.42% | +0.54% |
| Varun Beverages Ltd. | Consumer Staples | 1.32% | ₹104 Cr | +1.90% | +1.30% | — |
| Indusind Bank Ltd. | Financial | 1.29% | ₹102 Cr | +1.01% | +0.55% | — |
| Biocon Ltd. | Healthcare | 1.24% | ₹98.21 Cr | +1.41% | +1.33% | +1.18% |
| Bajaj Auto Ltd. | Automobile | 1.23% | ₹97.04 Cr | +1.74% | — | — |
| Mphasis Ltd. | Technology | 1.23% | ₹97.10 Cr | +0.16% | +0.16% | — |
| Blue Star Ltd. | Consumer Discretionary | 1.20% | ₹94.58 Cr | +1.42% | +2.08% | +0.79% |
| ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company Ltd. | Financial | 1.12% | ₹88.29 Cr | +1.41% | +1.28% | — |
| Piramal Finance Ltd. | Financial | 1.10% | ₹87.20 Cr | — | — | — |
| Ipca Laboratories Ltd. | Healthcare | 1.08% | ₹85.39 Cr | +0.91% | +1.03% | +1.68% |
| JSW Energy Ltd. | Capital Goods | 1.08% | ₹85.47 Cr | +0.41% | — | — |
| Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. | Healthcare | 1.07% | ₹84.84 Cr | +1.28% | — | +0.72% |
| Britannia Industries Ltd. | Consumer Staples | 1.06% | ₹84.00 Cr | +1.15% | +0.91% | +0.75% |
| CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd. | Capital Goods | 1.04% | ₹82.44 Cr | +1.90% | +1.04% | +1.35% |
| Tata Consumer Products Ltd. | Consumer Staples | 1.03% | ₹81.27 Cr | +1.28% | +0.16% | — |
| Apar Industries Ltd. | Consumer Staples | 1.02% | ₹80.24 Cr | — | — | — |
| Bharti Hexacom Ltd. | Communication | 1.02% | ₹80.96 Cr | +0.22% | +0.24% | +0.30% |
| Coromandel International Ltd. | Chemicals | 0.98% | ₹77.35 Cr | +0.13% | +0.17% | — |
| Hindalco Industries Ltd. | Metals & Mining | 0.96% | ₹76.16 Cr | +0.60% | — | — |
| Oil And Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. | Energy | 0.88% | ₹69.54 Cr | +2.57% | +1.61% | +0.76% |
| Vedanta Aluminium Metal Ltd. | Metals & Mining | 0.88% | ₹69.62 Cr | +0.98% | — | — |
| Abbott India Ltd. | Healthcare | 0.87% | ₹68.79 Cr | — | — | — |
| Cipla Ltd. | Healthcare | 0.87% | ₹68.57 Cr | +0.46% | — | — |
| Tata Communications Ltd. | Communication | 0.86% | ₹67.59 Cr | +0.33% | — | — |
| One97 Communications Ltd. | Services | 0.84% | ₹66.06 Cr | +1.24% | +1.26% | +0.53% |
| BSE Ltd. | Services | 0.75% | ₹59.08 Cr | +2.55% | +1.73% | +0.27% |
| Endurance Technologies Ltd. | Automobile | 0.73% | ₹57.42 Cr | +0.39% | +0.30% | — |
| Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. | Healthcare | 0.63% | ₹49.62 Cr | — | — | — |
| Bharat Dynamics Ltd. | Capital Goods | 0.61% | ₹47.87 Cr | +0.55% | +0.39% | +0.26% |
| Info Edge (India) Ltd. | Services | 0.61% | ₹47.86 Cr | — | — | — |
| Cholamandalam Investment and Finance Company Ltd. | Financial | 0.59% | ₹46.44 Cr | +0.53% | +1.86% | +1.15% |
| PB Fintech Ltd. | Services | 0.55% | ₹43.83 Cr | +0.37% | +0.34% | +1.08% |
| ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Ltd. | Insurance | 0.54% | ₹42.96 Cr | — | — | — |
| Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. | Automobile | 0.54% | ₹42.67 Cr | +0.97% | +1.47% | +2.08% |
| Bharat Electronics Ltd. | Capital Goods | 0.53% | ₹41.58 Cr | +0.24% | +0.27% | — |
| ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Ltd. | Insurance | 0.51% | ₹40.14 Cr | +0.14% | +0.16% | +0.92% |
| NTPC Green Energy Ltd. | Energy | 0.51% | ₹40.63 Cr | +0.65% | +0.56% | +0.66% |
| Siemens Ltd. | Capital Goods | 0.51% | ₹40.30 Cr | +0.53% | — | — |
| LG Electronics India Ltd. | Consumer Discretionary | 0.49% | ₹38.64 Cr | +0.48% | +0.52% | — |
| NHPC Ltd. | Energy | 0.49% | ₹38.36 Cr | — | — | — |
| Shriram Finance Ltd | Financial | 0.49% | ₹38.85 Cr | +0.92% | +1.09% | — |
| Divi's Laboratories Ltd. | Healthcare | 0.48% | ₹37.87 Cr | +0.74% | +0.28% | +0.30% |
| Tata Steel Ltd. | Metals & Mining | 0.47% | ₹36.87 Cr | — | — | +0.75% |
| Bharti Airtel Ltd. | Communication | 0.46% | ₹36.24 Cr | +0.51% | +0.54% | +3.06% |
| Supreme Industries Ltd. | Materials | 0.45% | ₹35.59 Cr | +0.90% | — | — |
| Infosys Ltd. | Technology | 0.43% | ₹34.01 Cr | — | +1.15% | +1.90% |
| Life Insurance Corporation of India | Insurance | 0.41% | ₹32.14 Cr | — | — | — |
| Eicher Motors Ltd. | Automobile | 0.40% | ₹31.81 Cr | +0.69% | +0.81% | +1.48% |
| Interglobe Aviation Ltd. | Services | 0.40% | ₹31.51 Cr | — | +1.53% | +2.61% |
| GAIL (India) Ltd. | Energy | 0.38% | ₹30.18 Cr | — | — | — |
| Hindustan Unilever Ltd. | Consumer Staples | 0.37% | ₹29.51 Cr | +0.30% | +0.34% | — |
| Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. | Consumer Staples | 0.34% | ₹27.04 Cr | +0.64% | +0.79% | +1.68% |
| Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. | Capital Goods | 0.30% | ₹24.01 Cr | +0.30% | +0.56% | +1.68% |
| JK Cement Ltd. | Materials | 0.26% | ₹20.53 Cr | +1.07% | +1.22% | +0.67% |
| Dalmia Bharat Ltd. | Materials | 0.23% | ₹18.56 Cr | — | — | — |
| Max Financial Services Ltd. | Financial | 0.17% | ₹13.54 Cr | — | — | — |
| Radico Khaitan Ltd. | Consumer Staples | 0.14% | ₹11.10 Cr | +0.95% | +0.88% | — |
Sectors
Instruments
Recent changes
| Holding | From | To | Weight |
|---|---|---|---|
| HDFC Bank Ltd. | 4.31% | 2.69% | -1.62% |
| Piramal Finance Ltd. | 0.00% | 1.10% | +1.10% |
| Apar Industries Ltd. | 0.00% | 1.02% | +1.02% |
| Hindalco Industries Ltd. | 0.00% | 0.96% | +0.96% |
| Godrej Consumer Products Ltd. | 1.25% | 0.34% | -0.91% |
| Max Healthcare Institute Ltd. | 0.84% | 0.00% | -0.84% |
| Eicher Motors Ltd. | 1.22% | 0.40% | -0.82% |
| Radico Khaitan Ltd. | 0.92% | 0.14% | -0.78% |
| UNO Minda Ltd. | 0.74% | 0.00% | -0.74% |
| Mphasis Ltd. | 0.61% | 1.23% | +0.62% |
| Eternal Ltd. | 3.14% | 3.74% | +0.60% |
| Vishal Mega Mart Ltd. | 0.59% | 0.00% | -0.59% |
| Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Ltd. | 0.58% | 0.00% | -0.58% |
| ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Ltd. | 0.00% | 0.51% | +0.51% |
| Indus Towers Ltd. | 0.51% | 0.00% | -0.51% |
| Tata Steel Ltd. | 0.00% | 0.47% | +0.47% |
| NTPC Ltd. | 0.45% | 0.00% | -0.45% |
| Swiggy Ltd. | 0.44% | 0.00% | -0.44% |
| State Bank of India | 3.95% | 4.37% | +0.42% |
| Life Insurance Corporation of India | 0.00% | 0.41% | +0.41% |
| Tata Communications Ltd. | 0.51% | 0.86% | +0.35% |
| One97 Communications Ltd. | 0.52% | 0.84% | +0.32% |
| TVS Motor Company Ltd. | 1.96% | 1.65% | -0.31% |
| Bajaj Auto Ltd. | 1.53% | 1.23% | -0.30% |
| Coforge Ltd. | 2.37% | 2.66% | +0.29% |
| Vedanta Aluminium Metal Ltd. | 0.59% | 0.88% | +0.29% |
| Balkrishna Industries Ltd. | 1.16% | 1.44% | +0.28% |
| Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. | 0.82% | 1.07% | +0.25% |
| Billionbrains Garage Ventures Ltd. | 0.25% | 0.00% | -0.25% |
| PB Fintech Ltd. | 0.33% | 0.55% | +0.22% |
| Voltas Ltd. | 1.75% | 1.53% | -0.22% |
| Blue Star Ltd. | 1.41% | 1.20% | -0.21% |
| Kei Industries Ltd. | 1.67% | 1.87% | +0.20% |
| Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services Ltd. | 1.68% | 1.88% | +0.20% |
| ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Ltd. | 0.36% | 0.54% | +0.18% |
| Cummins India Ltd. | 1.79% | 1.61% | -0.18% |
| Max Financial Services Ltd. | 0.00% | 0.17% | +0.17% |
| Trent Ltd. | 2.54% | 2.37% | -0.17% |
| Varun Beverages Ltd. | 1.49% | 1.32% | -0.17% |
| Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. | 0.15% | 0.00% | -0.15% |
| Info Edge (India) Ltd. | 0.48% | 0.61% | +0.13% |
| Endurance Technologies Ltd. | 0.61% | 0.73% | +0.12% |
| Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. | 1.74% | 1.85% | +0.11% |
| Coromandel International Ltd. | 1.09% | 0.98% | -0.11% |
| Fortis Healthcare Ltd. | 1.62% | 1.51% | -0.11% |
| Dixon Technologies (India) Ltd. | 3.65% | 3.76% | +0.11% |
| Reliance Industries Ltd. | 2.21% | 2.10% | -0.11% |
| Ipca Laboratories Ltd. | 0.98% | 1.08% | +0.10% |
| BSE Ltd. | 0.85% | 0.75% | -0.10% |
| JSW Energy Ltd. | 1.18% | 1.08% | -0.10% |
| Samvardhana Motherson International Ltd. | 1.60% | 1.51% | -0.09% |
| Abbott India Ltd. | 0.96% | 0.87% | -0.09% |
| Axis Bank Ltd. | 2.87% | 2.96% | +0.09% |
| Biocon Ltd. | 1.32% | 1.24% | -0.08% |
| Tata Consumer Products Ltd. | 1.10% | 1.03% | -0.07% |
| Asian Paints Ltd. | 1.39% | 1.32% | -0.07% |
| Britannia Industries Ltd. | 1.12% | 1.06% | -0.06% |
| Cipla Ltd. | 0.93% | 0.87% | -0.06% |
| Divi's Laboratories Ltd. | 0.42% | 0.48% | +0.06% |
| Oil And Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. | 0.94% | 0.88% | -0.06% |
| ICICI Bank Ltd. | 4.93% | 4.87% | -0.06% |
| Bharti Hexacom Ltd. | 1.07% | 1.02% | -0.05% |
| Bharti Airtel Ltd. | 0.51% | 0.46% | -0.05% |
| LG Electronics India Ltd. | 0.44% | 0.49% | +0.05% |
| FSN E-Commerce Ventures Ltd. | 2.23% | 2.28% | +0.05% |
| Titan Company Ltd. | 2.21% | 2.26% | +0.05% |
| Hindustan Unilever Ltd. | 0.41% | 0.37% | -0.04% |
| ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company Ltd. | 1.16% | 1.12% | -0.04% |
| CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd. | 1.01% | 1.04% | +0.03% |
| Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. | 0.57% | 0.54% | -0.03% |
| AU Small Finance Bank Ltd. | 1.63% | 1.65% | +0.02% |
| Bharat Electronics Ltd. | 0.51% | 0.53% | +0.02% |
| GAIL (India) Ltd. | 0.40% | 0.38% | -0.02% |
| Indusind Bank Ltd. | 1.31% | 1.29% | -0.02% |
| JK Cement Ltd. | 0.28% | 0.26% | -0.02% |
| NHPC Ltd. | 0.51% | 0.49% | -0.02% |
| NTPC Green Energy Ltd. | 0.53% | 0.51% | -0.02% |
| Siemens Ltd. | 0.49% | 0.51% | +0.02% |
| Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. | 0.65% | 0.63% | -0.02% |
| Cholamandalam Investment and Finance Company Ltd. | 0.60% | 0.59% | -0.01% |
| Hyundai Motor India Ltd. | 1.33% | 1.32% | -0.01% |
| Infosys Ltd. | 0.44% | 0.43% | -0.01% |
| Shriram Finance Ltd | 0.48% | 0.49% | +0.01% |
| Bharat Dynamics Ltd. | 0.61% | 0.61% | 0.00% |
| Dalmia Bharat Ltd. | 0.23% | 0.23% | 0.00% |
| Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. | 0.30% | 0.30% | 0.00% |
| Interglobe Aviation Ltd. | 0.40% | 0.40% | 0.00% |
| Larsen & Toubro Ltd. | 1.48% | 1.48% | 0.00% |
| Others | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.00% |
| Supreme Industries Ltd. | 0.45% | 0.45% | 0.00% |
Compare
Similar funds
The rest of the category, so this fund’s numbers have something to sit against.
| Fund | AUM | Expense | 1Y | 3Y | 5Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category average | ₹18,618 Cr | 2.09% | 7.9% | 10.7% | 16.2% |
| ₹33,592 Cr | 2.03% | -1.9% | 6.4% | 13.0% | |
| ₹21,020 Cr | 2.29% | 2.1% | 8.1% | 15.2% | |
| ₹20,159 Cr | 1.81% | 15.9% | 14.2% | 19.5% | |
| ₹12,387 Cr | 1.87% | 12.6% | 13.9% | 18.2% | |
| ₹5,931 Cr | 2.47% | 10.5% | 10.8% | 14.9% |
About
About this fund
The scheme’s own words, its benchmark and the people running it.
Investment objective
The fund seeks capital appreciation by investing in larger stocks with good fundamentals and good long-term prospects.
Fund managers
- Aishwarya Deepak AgarwalMr. Agarwal has done C.A. & CFAPrior to joining Nippon Mutual Fund he has worked with HDFC Securities Limited, Alchemy Capital Management Private Limited, B & K Securities.
- Amber SinghaniaMMS Finance (Mumbai University)Prior to joining the Nippon India AMC, he was associated with Asian Markets Securities Pvt. Ltd.
Tools
Return calculator
What ₹10,000 a month in this fund would have grown to over each period, based on its past returns.
| Over the past | Total investment | Would’ve become | Growth | Returns |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 months8.12% absolute | ₹60,000 | ₹64,872 | 8.12% | |
| 1 year−0.06% annualised | ₹1,20,000 | ₹1,19,961 | −0.03% | |
| 3 years13.54% annualised | ₹3,60,000 | ₹4,46,063 | 23.91% | |
| 5 years11.78% annualised | ₹6,00,000 | ₹8,19,871 | 36.65% |
Returns for 1 year and longer are annualised (CAGR); 6-month figures are absolute. Past returns are not a forecast.
How this is calculated
Each monthly instalment grows at the fund’s annualised return ÷ 12 per month until the end of the period, the same formula as our SIP calculator.
The amount compounds once a year at the fund’s CAGR for that period, the same formula as our lumpsum calculator.
Questions
Frequently asked questions
The things people ask about this scheme.